What Is Sinusitis?
Air sinus cavities within the bones, which are located in the vicinity of the nose is called. Right and on the left side close to the sinuses maxillary sinus and this is a total of four to eight (cheek sinuses), frontal (forehead sinuses), ethmoid (between the eyes located on the front and rear, sinuses, and sphenoid sinus (most behind, inside the head is called the sinus.
Only the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses are present in newborn babies and these are quite small relative to the adult size. During this period, the frontal and sphenoid sinuses are the mucosal indentation. The sinuses of the skull and teeth of the development continues and at the age of 12-14 largely depending on the development is complete. The final work of the sinuses before they reach their shape and size continues until the age of 22-24. Some people, especially single or double-sided sinuses sinuses may not occur, including some never get it.
The lining of the sinuses and sinus glands in the mucosa of the nasal mucosa, which is a continuation in the days 0.5 to 1 liter of slime (mucus) produces. Microscopic hairs that are found on the secretion of mucous membranes in the sinuses produced (silia) whip-like movements called the sinus Ostium into the nose and into the channels with narrow discharge is drained. Factors of respiratory allergy particles and mucus secretions from the nose in the air by keeping the air filter, the content in the fight against microbes and substances in the air plays a role in moistened before going into the lungs.
Located in the vicinity of the nose, these air spaces, reducing the weight of the skull bones, head trauma, to prevent you from reaching the brain by absorbing the shock of impact, his vocal cords to make the voice of impact there are functions such as the resonator in its final form.
Sinusitis is inflammation of the mucosa of the sinus lining. Sinusitis disease sinus mucosa, which is the most important factor produced by the cause of the outbreak (slime/mucus within the sinuses is the accumulation emptied the nose. The most common cause sinus blockage of the channels of this situation discharge, sinus infection, deterioration of the function of the bearing system to the ejaculatory ducts, and the outbreak of the content or consistency of the change.
The presence of one or more of these reasons as a result of the proliferation of microbes in accumulated secretions in the sinuses inflammation of the sinuses) so sinusitis is caused.
Other conditions that can cause sinusitis sinus germs through the blood, penetrating trauma or fractures in the facial bones as a result of direct or lower cheek teeth in the vicinity of the sinus infection leap into the sinuses and these are relatively rare.
The lining of the sinuses, the mucous membrane of the mucosa in the nose and embryological and anatomical continuity with the medical and surgical treatment of nasal and sinus inflammation, sinus infections because they can respond in a similar sense, “rinosinuzit” can be named as.
Sinus infections are divided into four groups according to the disease process;
- Sudden starts and ends with a complete disappearance rinosinuzit acute infections within 4 weeks of your complaint,
- For more than four weeks subacute infections that ends before 12 weeks of rinosinuzit syrup,
- Within a year, that ends in four or more less than 7 days and the infection in case it is recurrent (rln) acute rinosinuzit,
- It lasts longer than 12 weeks, the complaint and the findings of infections (acute attacks, there may be rinosinuzit) rinosinuzit is called chronic.
Factors That Cause Sinus Infection
Sinus infections are formed by the interaction of the patient and environmental factors. The cause of sinusitis is the most common viral upper respiratory tract infections. During the lining of the nose and sinuses caused by a virus, sinus swelling and thickening of the mucosa as well as the blockage of the narrow channels, depending on the discharge channels bearing a disruption of the function of the system with the same infection a plague epidemic the discharge becomes thick and the narrow channels in the channels to block accumulation of secretions in the sinuses and oxygenation is corrupt. Secondary bacterial proliferation in the absence of visible improvement within a few days with this situation and acute bacterial sinusitis occurs.
The second most common cause of sinusitis sinus discharge, edema of the mucosa due to an allergic reaction as a result of obstruction of the channels. Narrowing or blocking of the channels sinus discharge nasal deformities (deviated septum) of the polyps, nasal growths (Concha), such as anatomical abnormalities also can cause sinusitis. Movement disorders such as cystic fibrosis or ciliary rare situations mucus production and / or transport by disrupting HIV infection (AIDS), cancer, and the use of drugs that suppress the immune system, insulin-dependent diabetes adversely affect immune functions and some connective tissue diseases and can cause sinusitis.
What Are The Symptoms Of Sinusitis?
The common symptoms of nasal and sinus infections are divided into two main groups: major and minor.
Major:
- Facial pain and a sensation of pressure,
- percent swelling and fullness,
- nasal congestion
- nose-the nose becomes inflamed when
- loss of smell sensation (hipozmi) and the diagnosis of fever in the first degree of importance of the complaints and findings.
Minor:
- Headache,
- halitosis
- indulging in
- toothache
- cough,
- of secondary importance in the diagnosis of ear pain complaints and findings.
In the early hours of the morning and at night, the body depending on the position of blood and mucus in the sinus and nasal mucosa increase the amount of complaints with the cause of adverse effects of transfer becomes more apparent.
Long-term and chronic inflammations are usually decreasing the severity of complaints with the story and not just the diagnosis was difficult. Complaints of the patients in this group, the most meaningful, behind the nose, through the esophagus through the nose discharge, and sinus tenderness over the facial bones of a viscous feeling. History of allergy in individuals with mild complaints, examination findings should raise the possibility of allergies and a sinus infection before.
Sinusitis that is considered during the examination of patients and general Otolaryngology Head and neck surgery, especially in the face as well as swelling, redness, and edema (especially around the eyes), lymph node enlargement, and should be carefully investigated when the back of the nose becomes inflamed. Physical examination of a patient with sinusitis swelling and redness in the mucosa of the nose, inflamed wounds, sinus infection, polyps in the nose or sinuses can cause a blockage of the opening of the channels of meat that the growth in the region, the curvature of the nose, such as anatomical defects can be viewed.
During the examination for the diagnosis of chronic sinus infections at the back of the nose (nasopharynx) of the village, when it becomes inflamed it is especially important to be seen. Simple examination is performed and pathological findings in patients without endoscopic evaluation in the side wall of the nose sinus inflammation of the sinuses with the display of vacant discharge channel region can be detected in these regions.
Diagnosis Of Sinusitis
Is limited to the value of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of a sinus infection. Especially in mild allergic rhinitis with sinusitis IG E levels in blood and involved in the differential diagnosis of allergy is suspected in cases when blood or skin tests for allergies can be done. Microscopic examination of nasal secretions dense white (white blood cells) seen a viral or bacterial rino-sinuzitlerle evil, eosinophils, and mast cells may help in the monitoring of plasma in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.
Biopsies of the mucosa in the case of suspected some special rare diseases should be performed, and often resistant with recurrent infections, middle ear infections, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, skin infections, such as in the case of other head and neck infections, frequent monitoring of familial loss or HIV infection (AIDS) connected to the immune system deficiencies should be investigated. With congenital or acquired deficiencies of microorganisms encapsulated in antibody and T-lymphocyte disorders, fungi and viruses with the compliment system in disorders of many Gram-negative organisms caused by recurrent infections are monitored. In patients with this condition basic tests full blood count, ESR and serum of immunoglobulins should be viewed.
Sinusitis In Which Imaging Techniques Are Used?
Classic sinus X-rays, cheek, forehead and the sphenoid sinuses in the head full of monitoring, air-fluid levels in children and the occurrence of 6 mm, 8 mm mucosal thickening exceeding the diagnosis of sinusitis in adults in terms of the detection of a meaningful.
However, usually the front ethmoid sinus a sinus infection which is the starting point of the first region and the infections of the sinuses opened channels that play a key role in the formation of the ostiomeatal complex discharge the region called normal X-rays cannot be regarded as sufficient. Therefore, today, especially in severe acute and chronic infections diagnosis and treatment planning in the range of 3-4 mm sectional captured paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) examination is preferred.
What Is The Treatment For Sinusitis?
The key components of medical treatment that is applied in cases of sinus infections prevention, support, treatment, and drug treatment facility.
From a sinus infection protective measures:
The first step in treatment can be regarded as measures to prevent the occurrence of sinusitis. The sinus mucosa, which has a negative effect on the functions of breathing, lack of oxygen in the air, air pollution, allergens and viruses in addition to other factors such as cigarette smoke also spread rapidly in the crowd due to upper respiratory tract infections and sinusitis in the formation of benign and those environments is an important factor. For this reason, good ventilation of the environments we live and work in these environments and plays an important role in the protection from a sinus infection that do not allow smoking.
The inhaled air is dry, the consistency of nasal and sinus secretions from the sinuses and the darkening of the epidemic affected depending on the carrier system that allows it to be emptied, may increase the risk of sinusitis. For this reason, air conditioners and central air conditioning systems with air and humidity-controlled environment where it is suggested that the additional measures needed to be humidified. In the event of insufficient fluid intake or excessive water loss, reducing the viscosity of mucus viscosity and fluid loss in cases of sinus infections in particular that prepared the way for at least 2 liters warm water to be consumed per day will be beneficial. Outside water tea, coffee and cola drinks water excretion by the kidneys along with these drinks you should increase your water intake for their ability to increase.
The environment of nasal allergy diagnosis in patients with agents that cause allergies, stay away from high amounts of allergen hosts house plants, taking measures such as the removal of resources from long like a shaggy carpet an allergic reaction to the habitat during the removal of the nasal mucous membrane, will contribute to reducing the risk of developing sinusitis.
Often the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis, or a sinus infection developing in patients with influenza (flu) vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, and oral bacterial vaccines are useful in the implementation of reducing the number of recurrent infections.
Medical treatment is supportive practices:
In addition to medical treatment, the treatment applied to support the most important parts of the Shell and the inside of the nose moist and accumulated secretions of inflammatory ensure the environment is the clearing. Pressurized sprays water containing the appropriate concentration of salt at the most commonly used agents for this purpose. Carrier washing and bacterial infections that cannot be prevented with antibiotics antimicrobial drugs can be added to the solution in this case.
Drugs used in the treatment of sinusitis
Mukolitik are: The secretions of mucus from the sinuses and reduce the viscosity of mucus flow in the activity of drugs that increase the production of mucus carrying the chair which is related to the deterioration and dark are used to prevent the accumulation of mucus.
Decongestants: Decrease the swelling of the nasal mucosa nasal decongestant tablets (spray) and can be used orally. Drugs in this group shrinkage and thinning of the mucosa of the nasal and sinus mucosa blood vessels in the sinus Ostium and sinus as a result of the opening of the expansion is intended to provide, or draining and aeration. Over time, enhancing the effect of medicines that is used as a spray on the swelling and mucous membranes irritating because it is suggested that effects not be used for more than 4-5 days. Oral decongestants and high blood pressure, heart disease, rhythm disorders, or they can be used safely for 7-10 days in patients who have problems such as prostate enlargement.
Antistaminik are: They are used in order to prevent allergic reactions induced mucosal edema, and mucus discharge but there is to curtail the effects of increase the intensity of the sinus. For this reason, they are not recommended except in patients with known allergy, sinusitis and allergic origin.
Nasal sprays containing steroids: Conditions associated with edema and inflammation of the mucosa in chronic sinus infections and allergic reactions are used in order to reduce. Especially the last generation involved in the circulation of steroids in the spray of other treatment options is extremely small because the amount of non-cases in pregnant women and infants can be used.
Steroid use in pill or injection form: In allergic patients, and especially in the colon where it is located before surgery chronic sinus polyps by mouth or injection of steroids for the inflammation be used as tissue reactions due to the decline in the size of shrinkage and surgery, may make it easier. Of such treatments in patients with relevant diseases, high blood pressure or diabetes must be carefully implemented in the control of industry experts.
Anti-bacterial drugs (Antibiotics): The property is non-acute infections often it is treated prior to the receipt of a culture. The status of antibiotic resistance in the community, the dosage range of the patients medication compliance, side effects and drug interactions, which may vary hypersensitivity to drugs who has to every antibiotic may affect the choice of antibiotic. Acute sinus infections due to pneumococci or H. influenza germs that cause acute infections with more than 60 of the selection of the most effective antibiotics against these agents would be appropriate. The duration of antibiotic use in acute infections is 10-14 days. The Long Half-Life Than Drugs, and they can be used for short periods.
Complaints and improvement in symptoms being detected in five to seven days in the case of oxygen-free growing environment should be considered in addition to the treatment of a drug that is effective against bacteria. Antibiotic use, especially in patients with a history of previously failed to be given antibiotics will be effective against microorganisms that are known to be resistant necessarily should be chosen so that.
Chronic sinus infections antibiotic treatment duration should be at least 2-3 weeks. In this infection, the rate of increased resistance to antibiotics, at the same time more than one different bacteria or oxygen-free environment by considering the possibility of growing in the presence of microorganisms and long treatment duration of endoscopy to the accompaniment of cultures through the nose to be taken according to the results, drug selection may be preferred. Failure or infection of the immune system in patients who have sinus infections lying in the hospital antibiotic according to culture and in all types of Medicine, antibiotic is required to be selected.
The diagnosis of chronic sinusitis in patients treated with CT dose cortisone nasal sprays 2-3 weeks prior to the shooting, and appropriate antibiotics should be used. CT findings before recommending surgery, even in patients without significant complaints of sinusitis and the patient follow-up would be the appropriate approach to the management of complaints. As an alternative to surgical treatment in patients with recurrent or assess the impact of complaints should be considered.
How Sinusitis Surgery Is Performed?
Nowadays, sinusitis, endoscopic sinus surgery in the treatment of disease that are applied current technical (ESC) is. Information that is related to this surgical technique, “endoscopic sinus surgery” under Title was shared.